Module 2 · Lesson 2.1
Forces and resolving them
Vectors, components and resultants — the arithmetic behind everything else.
Why this matters
Almost every structural calculation ends up as a tidy sum of horizontal bits and vertical bits. Resolving is the step that makes that possible, and getting comfortable with it early saves a great deal of confusion later.
By the end of this lesson you should be able to
- Describe a force by its size, direction and line of action
- Split a force into horizontal and vertical components
- Combine several forces into a single resultant
A force is a push or a pull. To describe one fully you need three things: how big it is, which way it points, and where it acts. That last one — the line of action — matters more than people expect. The same force applied along a different line has a different turning effect, even though its size and direction are unchanged.
A force pointing at an angle is awkward to add to other forces. So we replace it with two forces along the axes that, together, do exactly the same job. That is resolving.
What it calculates: The horizontal and vertical parts of a force F acting at an angle θ measured from the horizontal.
- F
- Size of the force (kN)
- θ
- Angle from the horizontal axis (degrees)
- Fx
- Horizontal component (kN)
- Fy
- Vertical component (kN)
This assumes
- θ is measured from the horizontal, anticlockwise positive
In plain terms: The cosine goes with the axis the angle is measured from. If you are ever unsure, sketch the triangle — the component next to the angle uses cosine.
Try it
Resolve two forces
Change each force and watch its horizontal and vertical parts. The body only stays still when both totals reach zero.
kN
degrees from +x
kN
degrees from +x
| Force | Horizontal | Vertical |
|---|---|---|
| F₁ = 10 kN | 8.66 | 5.00 |
| F₂ = 8 kN | -6.93 | 4.00 |
| Total | 1.73 | 9.00 |
Predict first
A 20 kN force acts at 60° above the horizontal. Which component is larger?
Worked example
Resolve a sloping cable force
Given
- A cable pulls on a bracket with a force of 25 kN
- The cable rises at 40° above the horizontal
Find
The horizontal and vertical components of the cable force.
Assumptions
- The cable is straight and the force acts along it
Practice
A cable pulls with a force of 50 kN at 25° above the horizontal. What is the horizontal component?
Practice
Two forces act at a point: 30 kN horizontally to the right, and 40 kN vertically upwards. What is the magnitude of their resultant?
Practice
A force of 60 kN acts at 120° measured anticlockwise from the positive x axis. What is its horizontal component? (Watch the sign.)
Summary
- A force needs size, direction and line of action
- Resolving replaces a sloping force with two perpendicular ones that do the same job
- Fx = F cos θ and Fy = F sin θ when θ is measured from the horizontal
- Always check by recombining the components
This is educational material. It uses simplified examples to teach principles, and must not be relied on for real design or safety-critical decisions. Module overview and checkpoint